Linear Algebra

A simple explanation of Linear algebra for the interested amateur

I’ve finally published a page on linear algebra. It’s a bit long. It’s a compilation of traditional textbooks as well as several online sources. The major source for this page is Gilbert Strang’s Introduction to Linear Algebra. Personally, I think it’s an excellent resource. I highly recommend it for anyone looking to learn linear algebra on their own. The fourth edition can be bought on Amazon, at the link above, for around $50. What’s great about it is that it’s coupled to a free online video course – specifically, the undergraduate linear algebra course that Strang teaches at MIT. This course, in turn, is part of a whole slew of great free online courses that are part of MIT’s OpenCourseWare series. I strongly urge to reader to check out this site.

Note that the current page is far from an exhaustive treatise on linear algebra. Rather, it summarizes the high points, especially those that I anticipate will be necessary for subsequent pages on physics, particularly those dealing with quantum mechanics. As in other articles on this site, there are topics in this article that are spelled out in detail or proven – discussions that professionals in these respective areas might find trivial. However, as stated in the “about” section and elsewhere, this site is geared toward interested amateurs like myself. Hopefully, these discussions will help this audience to understand these topics better.

I expect that I may add to or modify this page at some point or points in the future.

This linear algebra page that I have written can be reached by clicking on the following link:

Linear Algebra

The Formula is Free!

My novel, The Formula-a Dan Brown-like thriller for readers who are fascinated by theoretical physics and the relationship between science and religion-will be FREE on Amazon from Monday 5/6/19 through Wednesday 5/8/19. Check it out at the following link:

Progress on Bohmian Mechanics

I’ve begun work toward creating a page introducing Bohmian mechanics, a topic that plays a small but central role in my novel The Formula. I tried to come up with a way to make this introduction brief. However, after much deliberation, I feared that such brevity would make such a page like many popular science pieces-a string of generalizations and other unexplained statements that might pique a reader’s interest but leaves them with no real understanding of the topic. As stated in the introduction to this website, my goal is to move beyond such a popular understanding, but in a way that can be comprehended by an interested reader without extensive pre-existing knowledge of math and science. To do this, I believe that the details left out in popular science explanations must be filled in.

To gain such an understanding of Bohmian mechanics in particular, some background in (though not an exhaustive knowledge of) mathematics is needed. Accordingly, I’ve completed a page outlining the basics of Euclidean Geometry and have half completed a page on trigonometry. Next will be some information on calculus and differential equations. Finally, and most importantly, I’ll discuss linear algebra, a branch of math that is indispensable to comprehending quantum mechanics. For the time being, I’ll try to give just what I think is necessary to understand the subject at hand. At a later date, I’ll try to provide additional information that hopefully will create a more comprehensive presentation though, after starting work on this, I’ll probably have to do this by providing links to already established presentations 1) because I don’t think I can complete such an enormous task myself and 2) because comprehensive presentations are already available that are probably much better than I can ever produce.

After the math, I’ll need to provide an introduction to quantum mechanics. That introduction will need to proceed, at least, through a derivation of the Schrodinger equation since it is a modification of the Schrodinger equation that is central to Bohm’s theory. I’ll probably base my discussion on Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum by renowned physicist, Leonard Susskind. It provides a detailed mathematical derivation of the Schrodinger equation but explains all the math in simple terms. (I strongly recommend The Theoretical Minimum series of books and free online lectures by Dr. Susskind for any interested amateur-like myself.) My ultimate goal with the page is to review Bohm’s original derivation of his so-called guiding equation, an equation that is the heart and soul of his theory.

Planning on what to include so as to streamline the text as much as possible has been a difficult task, one that has occupied most of the time elapsed since my last post. I’d like to say that I’ll have this article complete soon but, frankly, I’m not optimistic. We’ll see how it goes.

Bell’s Inequality 3

The series on Bell’s inequality is finally complete with the completion of Bell’s Inequality 3, a step-by-step explanation of Alain Aspect’s landmark paper “Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: A New Violation of Bell’s Inequalities.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 49, no. 2, July 1982, pp. 91-94. A link to this third installment of the Bell’s inequality series is found below:

Bell’s Inequality 3

As stated in a previous post, the final series of the “next four topics” that relate to my novel The Formula will address Bohmian mechanics. And as suggested in that post, such an account of Bohmian mechanics will require a discussion of a fair amount of mathematics and basic quantum physics and will take some time. I hope to get started on this soon.

Bell’s Inequality 2

After over a month of writing, editing and re-editing, Bell’s Inequality 2 is finally ready to publish. I learned LaTex and put my equations directly into my page with a plugin call QuickLaTeX. It’s quite a tedious process, but as far as I can tell, it’s either that or create my pages as PDFs, as I did for Bell’s Inequality 1. Hopefully, I’ll get better at it as I go. I’ve investigated (and tried) a few other plugins but they haven’t worked very well. If anyone knows of an easier way, I would be eager to hear about them.

The article is a bit long, mainly because there are multiple explanations of subjects that are second nature to experts but probably confusing to the uninitiated. Frankly, I wish I would have had more such explanations when I was trying to learn about these topics. That’s why I included them. However, as I read them over, the explanations, themselves, are tedious. I would be interested in feedback about how I might deliver this content in a more efficient manner.

Bell’s Inequality 2 is about John Bell’s original paper, published in 1966, that provided a way to test whether quantum mechanics is a true description of reality or-as Einstein suggested-an incomplete theory; a theory that overlooks the fact that local hidden variables are actually at play to produce the results that quantum mechanic predicts. However, Bell’s paper raised theoretical questions but did not provide experimental evidence to answer them. The scientific world would have to wait a number of years for such answers. The paper that is usually cited as having provided a definitive answer to these questions is one by Alain Aspect in 1982. Aspect’s paper is the subject of the third installment in this series on Bell’s inequality, an article entitled Bell’s Inequality 3. I will begin work on it shortly, a project that will undoubtedly take some time. Meanwhile, a link to the second installment in this series can be accessed by clicking on the link below:

Bell’s Inequality 2

Bell’s Inequality 1

The next topic I’d like to discuss is Bell’s Inequality, a mathematical relationship that opened the door to validation of quantum mechanics. My goal is to do this in 3 installments. The first discussion on this subject can be found by clicking on the following link:

Bell’s Inequality 1

Update to The Formula, Chapter 62 (Long Version)

Just a short detour before moving on to an introduction to quantum encryption. I’ve updated the long version of Chapter 62 of my novel The Formula. You can navigate to that chapter by clicking on the following link

Chapter 62 Long Version

Also, here are some acknowledgements/references for that chapter.

The general overviews from which I generated most of this article can be found at the following sites:

https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/cryptography/modern-crypt/v/the-fundamental-theorem-of-arithmetic-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)

The discussions on Euler’s Totipotent Theorem were derived from the following sources:

http://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Euler%27s_Totient_Theorem

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/eulers-theorem-33

http://www.math.uconn.edu/~kconrad/blurbs/ugradnumthy/fermatlittletheorem.pdf

Information on Euler’s Totipotent Function was gleaned from several sources. The main one was:

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TotientFunction.html

Proof of the multiplicity rule in modular arithmetic was largely taken from:

https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/cryptography/modarithmetic/a/modular-multiplication

The proof of phi function multiplicity follows the arguments outlined in:

http://www.oxfordmathcenter.com/drupal7/node/172

The discussion of Euclid’s Algorithm was taken from:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm

The proof that the Euclidean Algorithm works come from this source (document will be downloaded by clicking on the link)

www.cs.ucf.edu/~dmarino/ucf/cot3100h/lectures/COT3100Euclid01.doc